So you would think there is. They were powered by twelve water-tube boilers at a pressure of 66 kg/cm2 (6,472 kPa; 939 psi) at a temperature of 460 °C (860 °F). Zumwalt ’s opponent, the battlecruiser Kirov, is a relic from another era. The speed, range and aircraft requirements remained the same, although the torpedo tubes were dropped. The guns in this mount could depress to −13° and elevate to 85° at a rate of 25° a second. The Stalingrad-class battlecruiser, also known in the Soviet Union as Project 82 (Russian: Тяжёлые крейсера проекта 82), was intended to be built for the Soviet Navy after World War II. [14], Forty 25-millimeter (0.98 in) 79-caliber AA guns were carried in ten quadruple powered BL-120 mounts. Between the middle and lower decks the funnel uptakes were protected by 100 mm of armor and 30 mm (1.2 in) between the upper and middle decks. [24], In the 1960s, the Soviet Union originated Project 1144 Orlan, a project intended to design and build a large, nuclear powered anti-submarine vessel. Four of the large cruisers were to begin construction, two each at Shipyard 402 in Molotovsk and Shipyard 444 at Nikolayev with another three planned to be laid down in 1953 and 1955. It refused to begin detailed design work pleading the uncertainty of the post-war building situation and the already heavy workload of its design bureau. [33][34] Commissioned into the Northern Fleet, Kirov was the largest surface warship, excluding aircraft carriers and amphibious assault vessels, built since the end of the Second World War. ‘Battle Cruiser’ is not a category of warship that is used very often, not since World War II. Several designs were proposed, but rejected by the Navy before the concept was merged with the small battleship (Battleship 'B') then being designed for service with the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets after the Soviets agreed to follow the terms of the Second London Naval Treaty in 1937. Print; Email ; In the interwar period the battleship “Marat” was considered a symbol of the naval power of the Soviet Union. The original form of the bow was similar to that of the Chapayev-class light cruisers, but sea trials of the lead ship of that class in December 1950 – January 1951 proved that she was very wet forward, which hindered her seakeeping ability. Over a dozen preliminary designs had been proposed by May 1944, but none were acceptable. These ships had a complex and prolonged design process which was hampered by constantly changing requirements and the Great Purge in 1937. The design was done by one of the best Russian engineers, V.P. Among modern warships, they are second in size only to large aircraft carriers, and of similar size to a World War I era battleship. Supported primarily by Joseph Stalin and opposed by a considerable part of the naval staff, the project came to an abrupt end with his death in 1953. The deck armor in the citadel ranged in thickness, from 50 mm (2.0 in) for the upper deck, a 70-millimeter (2.8 in) middle deck—increased to 75 mm (3.0 in) over the handling rooms for the 130-millimeter (5.1 in) gun turrets—and a lower splinter deck of 15 mm (0.59 in), which increased outboard to 20 mm (0.79 in). This was around the same size as a First World War super-dreadnought battleship, and significantly bigger than any contemporary cruiser design, leading to commentators in the west describing them as "battlecruisers". But deliveries of steel, armor, machinery and other equipment were delayed or arrived out of sequence, despite extraordinary efforts by the Ministry of Shipbuilding, and slowed construction enough so that she fell about six months behind schedule and the same was more or less true for the other ships. In 1992 it was renamed Admiral Ushakov. Traverse speed was 30° per second. [8], The ships of the Stalingrad class were 260 meters (853 ft 0 in) long at the waterline, and 273.6 meters (897 ft 8 in) long overall. It mostly sided with the Shipbuilding Commissariat, but a program of seven large cruisers was approved later that year. The Stalingrad-class battlecruiser, also known as Project 82 (Russian: Тяжёлые крейсера проекта 82), was a Soviet battlecruiser design from 1941. The joint design was 2,000 tonnes (2,000 long tons) smaller with a reduced secondary armament, but was about 1.5 knots (2.8 km/h; 1.7 mph) faster. [30][31] However, the sinking of the Israeli destroyer INS Eilat in 1967 by anti-ship missiles fired from an Egyptian missile boat led to a re-think of the use of surface ships in the role. By the time the ship was launched in December 1977, she had been reclassified as a "heavy nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser" (Russian: тяжёлый атомный ракетный крейсер; tyazholyy atomnyy raketnyy kreyser), with its primary armament being 20 SS-N-19 Shipwreck (P-700 Granit) anti-ship missiles. It was first built in the time of the Soviet Union. Each individual gun weighed 402.8 kg (888 lb) and the complete mount weighed 9.75 t (9.60 long tons; 10.75 short tons). Its controls and cable runs were protected by a 100 mm tube and the lower part of the conning tower's supporting structure was protected with 20 mm plates. Each individual gun weighed 4.88 t (4.80 long tons; 5.38 short tons) and the complete turret weighed 65.2 t (64.2 long tons; 71.9 short tons). It was first built in the time of the Soviet Union. A Gerkules sonar was also fitted in addition to various radio direction finders. The most likely explanation is that the designers retained as much of their original work as possible and found room for the more powerful turbines and more numerous boilers necessary to attain Stalin's specified speed by deleting the two rear twin 130 mm turrets, and their magazines, as revealed by a comparison of the 1949 and 1951 sketches. The main battery turrets were protected by 240 mm (9.4 in) of armor on the faces, 225 mm (8.9 in) on the sides and 125 mm (4.9 in) on the roofs. It was a smaller and less-expensive counterpart to the Kronshtadt -class battlecruisers of 1939. [32][40][34] The first ship, Kirov (renamed as Admiral Ushakov) is projected to eventually be scrapped, as it has already been defuelled,[41] while Kalinin (renamed as Admiral Nakhimov), considered to be in better condition, is intended to undergo a major overhaul to return her to active service by 2021. Undeterred, the Navy continued studying cruiser designs and planned a ten-year construction program for the period 1946–1955. This was basically identical to the original, but added one new requirement: "Protect the operations of aircraft carriers and conduct joint operations with them. These preparations were very time-consuming and it wasn't until mid-July 1956 that it could be pulled off the rocks into Sevastopol harbor where she was given more permanent repairs. Traverse speed was 70° per second. [10], Rather than use the Tsarist-era 305-millimeter (12.0 in) MK-3-12 gun as originally planned, or use the 305-mm/54 guns ordered for the Kronstadts, it was decided in 1947 to adopt a new and more powerful 61-caliber gun of the same size that was to use three newly designed triple SM-6 turrets. The middle deck behind this splinter belt was 50 mm (2.0 in) thick. They had a beam of 32 meters (105 ft 0 in), a maximum draft of 9.2 meters (30 ft 2 in) forward, 8.8 meters (28 ft 10 in) aft, and displaced 36,500 tonnes (35,900 long tons) at standard load and 42,300 tonnes (41,600 long tons) at full load. In this role it would need to be a more powerful ship than the original design, taking over for the now-cancelled Kronstadts. "You cannot blindly copy the Americans and English, they face different conditions, their ships travel far over the ocean, out of touch with their bases. Soviet electronics were still fairly primitive during this period and the trials of the light cruiser Sverdlov, which carried many of these systems, revealed that the effective range of the Rif-A surface-search radar was less than that of the Yakor and Zalp fire-control radars. [3], This was reaffirmed by a decree of the Council of Ministers on 28 January 1947. WWII: Anniversary of the Sinking of the Battleship Scharnhorst. All of these changes delayed approval of the detailed design until 1951. The design was reimagined in 1944, intended to operate along with the Sverdlov-class cruisers and proposed aircraft carriers to make up powerful task forces able to challenge the American fleet. [18] Neither ship had progressed very far at that time and both had been damaged during the war, so they were ordered scrapped on 24 March 1947 after some thought had been given to completing Kronshtadt as either an aircraft carrier or a mother ship for whalers. The start of World War I slowed their construction still further as the foreign orders were often not delivered and domestic production was diverted into things more immediately useful for the war effort. ^α The Kirov class was fitted with a primarily missile-based main armament; this is reflected in the table with "Main armament" given instead of "Main guns". [41] However, in April 2019 it was announced that both Admiral Ushakov and Admiral Lazarev were to be finally withdrawn and broken up. Joseph Stalin was the key supporter of these ships and made many of the important decisions himself, overriding the desires of the Navy. Poltava (1911) [ renamed Frunze in 1926 ] was the second of the Gangut-class battleships of the Imperial Russian Navy built before World War I. She steamed in the direction of Kola Inlet with Arctic convoy JW59 in August 1944 and stayed in the Arctic without having fired just one shell for the remainder of WW2. The four Borodino-class battlecruisers (also referred to as Izmail class) of the Imperial Russian Navy were all laid down in December 1912 at Saint Petersburg for service with the Baltic Fleet. These ranged in length from 40–169 mm (1.6–6.7 in) and totally invalidated all calculations about the amount of force required to free her. [1], The project was revived in 1943 with a new requirement issued on 15 September. Moskva was planned to be 11.5% finished, but was only 7.5% done. It was a smaller and less … Four were ordered shortly afterward, but the beginning of the Great Purge in August 1937 hindered the completion of the design process and the project was cancelled in early 1938 after being criticized as too weak in comparison to foreign ships. The battleship held its swan song in World War 2, superceded by the powerful and more tactically valuable aircraft carrier. The Soviet Aircraft Carrier: Torpedoed by Peristroika? Construction of the ships was delayed as many domestic factories were already overloaded with orders and some components had to be ordered from abroad. [38] The fourth unit, Yuri Andropov, was launched in April 1989, with plans advanced for a fifth ship, to be named Kuznetsov. The bureau preferred one layout and the Navy and the Shipbuilding Ministry concurred so the bureau began the technical design, without formal approval, in order to be ready to lay down the first two ships in the third quarter of 1950 as already scheduled. They fired 467-kilogram (1,030 lb) shells at a muzzle velocity of 950 m/s (3,100 ft/s) to a maximum range of around 53,070 m (58,040 yd) using 209 kg (461 lb) of propellant. The missiles penetrated the upper and main decks and devastated the upper hull, but there was no appreciable change in the ship's draught. Aft there was a lightly protected auxiliary control station with 50 mm sides. [2], A new tactical requirement was issued in November 1944 that envisioned a more realistic displacement of 25,000–26,000 tonnes (25,000–26,000 long tons) while the speed was dropped to 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph) and the range to 8,000 nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi). At this time a more detailed assessment was made of the situation and 259 steel projections were discovered on the underside of her hull, left over from her launching cradles. These were backed up by a single KDP-8-10 optical director mount fitted with 8-meter (26 ft) and 10-meter (33 ft) rangefinders. [34][35], The size of the Kirov class was approximately 28,000-long-ton (28,000 t) full load. However, the designers recommended an increase in the main armament caliber to 220 millimeters (8.7 in), a strengthened anti-aircraft battery and reductions in the armor protection, speed, and range. [10] Eventually, all four hulls were broken up for scrap; the second, third and fourth were sold to a German company in 1923, while Izmail was broken up in Leningrad in 1931. [32][33], The first hull was laid down at the Baltiysky Zavod in Leningrad in March 1974 under the name Kirov. The steering gear was protected by 170 mm (6.7 in) of armor on the sides, a 70–100-millimeter (2.8–3.9 in) deck and a 200-millimeter (7.9 in) armored bulkhead aft. [13], The 130-mm 58-caliber guns were also a new design. She served as a target for the first generation of Soviet anti-ship missiles and a wide variety of armor-piercing weapons before she was scrapped in the early 1960s, probably 1962. Its rate of fire was 75 rounds per minute and 800 rounds were carried for each gun. The ballistic missiles would have been launched from vertical tubes replacing the forward turrets, and in one version, the entire main armament. The partially completed Stalingrad ended as a target ship for testing anti-ship missiles, before being broken up around 1962. The battlecruiser story started with the British, so it seems only fair to examine their World War II battlecruisers first. The 130 mm turrets were only protected by 25 mm (0.98 in) of armor as splinter protection. The World War II Database is founded and managed by C. Peter Chen of Lava Development, LLC. Presumably the thinner thicknesses were at the ends of the ships where the bulkheads were squeezed together. [22], Stalingrad's hull was towed from Nikolayev on 19 May 1955 by three tugs, but was driven ashore by high winds on 23 May at the southern entrance to Sevastopol Bay. They were intended to fend off enemy attacks and protect the carriers when bad weather prevented flying. [17], The main air-search radar was the Giuis-2 (NATO designation Cross Bird), a Soviet development of the wartime British Type 291 radar. Two boiler compartments, each with three boilers, were situated underneath the forward funnel, with a turbine compartment for the wing shafts immediately aft and this arrangement was repeated for the two center shafts. In keeping with the battlecruiser design concept, they would have been able to outgun any ship with similar speed, or outrun anything more heavily armed. Twenty years later the Soviet Navy issued a requirement for a ship capable of dealing with enemy cruisers, but the design began to grow as it was modified to allow for combat with German pocket battleships on even terms, and later modified to gain parity with the Scharnhorst-class battleships. Armament was also revised to nine 220 mm guns, sixteen 130 mm guns, thirty-two 45-millimeter (1.8 in) and twenty 23-millimeter (0.91 in) AA guns. The outer space was left empty, but the two middle spaces were filled with oil that was intended to be exchanged with sea water as it was consumed, and the inner space was also to be left empty. In the 1930s the Soviets began development of a large cruiser (Russian: большой крейсер; bol'shoy kreyser) capable of destroying 10,000-long-ton (10,160 t) cruisers built to the limits imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty, which the Soviets had not signed. Their barbettes had a maximum of 235 mm (9.3 in) on their forward faces and 200 mm (7.9 in) on the after face. [22], The first ship was begun in November 1951 and the other two followed in 1952; a fourth was apparently ordered from the Severodvinsk shipyard, but was cancelled before being laid down. They were the first large Soviet-built ships with a flush deck. The official name for this class is Project 1144 or Sea Eagle, but it is also called Kirov after the name of the first battlecruiser to be built. The latter's design was slightly smaller (2,000 tonnes (2,000 long tons)) than the Navy's 40,000 tonnes (39,000 long tons) design, and had an armor belt 50 mm (2.0 in) thinner, but was otherwise almost identical. The first attempt used brute force provided by the cruisers Molotov and Kerch to unsuccessfully tow her off. The hull was completely welded to save weight and they used longitudinal framing throughout. The working drawings for the turrets and guns had not even been received when Operation Barbarossa began in June 1941. She grounded on a very rocky bottom in very shallow water only about 50 m (160 ft) from shore. It had a vertical height of 5.25 m (17.2 ft), 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) of which was below the design waterline. A series of at least four were planned, and Stalingrad finally began construction in 1951. By the early 1960s her usefulness had come to an end and she was scrapped, possibly in 1962. It was later determined that they could be used, so the agreement was finalized in November 1940 with the deliveries scheduled from October 1941 to 28 March 1943. In fact pocket battleship "Lutzow" had run aground off Narvik, but this still left battleship "Tirpitz", pocket battleship "Admiral Scheer" and heavy cruiser "Admiral Hipper" - all formidable adversaries, which reach Altenfiord on the 3rd. It was made up of an external bulge with four longitudinal bulkheads. It had a range of 80 km (50 mi) against aerial targets and 20 km (12 mi) against surface targets. The proposal was dropped because both types would have needed a fully stabilized launching platform to give them any chance of hitting their targets and that the ballistic missiles would need three hours of preparation time. American aircraft carriers were a threat to not only the Soviet mainland but also Moscow’s nuclear missile submarines, and were to be taken out as quickly as possible. Stalin intervened several times during the design process and ordered the ship's displacement reduced to 36,500 metric tons (35,924 long tons) and speed increased to 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) as well as specifying its armament as 305 mm guns, rather than the 220 mm (8.7 in) guns preferred by the Navy. Thus, after his death in 1953, little time was wasted in cancelling the three ships that had been laid down. [15] The gun fired 1.41-kilogram (3.1 lb) shells at a muzzle velocity of 1,080 m/s (3,500 ft/s) to a maximum horizontal range of 12,000 m (13,000 yd). The gun fired .281-kilogram (0.62 lb) shells at a muzzle velocity of 900 m/s (3,000 ft/s) to a maximum effective range of 2,400–2,800 m (2,600–3,100 yd). The hull was launched in 1954 after it was modified to suit its new role. Apparently this was believed to improve their protective qualities, although there is no indication of how it did this. 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