Effective use of instruments also results in superior cross-country navigation, better coordination, and generally, a better overall pilot competency level, General aviation accident reports provide ample support for the belief that reference to flight instruments is important to safety. A certain amount of stress is good since it keeps a person alert and prevents complacency. The student should also understand the correct sequence and be aware of safety precautions for each procedure or maneuver. Since students generally imitate the instructors performance, the instructor must demonstrate the skill exactly the way the students are expected to practice it, including all safety procedures that the students must follow. The explanation phase is accomplished prior to the flight lesson with a discussion of lesson objectives and completion standards, as well as a thorough preflight briefing. It is important that the student understand options that may be available to decrease workload. Some operators use surface to 18,000 feet as the "sterile zone", while others apply the sterile cockpit principle from Top of Descent/Pre-Descent checklist, in the descent, and up to Top of Climb/En-Route checklist, on departure. Sixty percent of stall/spin accidents occurred during takeoff and landing, and twenty percent were preceded by engine failure. (Click
If an instructor allows a student to remain on the controls, the instructor may not have full and effective control of the aircraft. Two reports demonstrated that a cockpit
Truly, the sterile
In military transport operations, a similar philosophy is applied from "combat entry" to "combat exit". This reviewer used the ASRS database
For example, advanced navigation and autopilot systems are valuable resources flight instructors must ensure students know how to use. It is very important for the flight instructor to debrief a student immediately after a solo flight. When introducing lesson tasks, flight instructors should not introduce the minimum acceptable standards for passing the checkride. Officer. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by to find specific examples of problems related to non-compliance with the sterile
Students reluctant to use checklists can be reminded that pilots at all levels of experience refer to checklists, and that the more advanced the aircraft is, the more crucial checklists become. A student may show an initial tendency to move the bar in the direction of the desired turn. He did not consider how fatigue and lack of extensive night flying experience could affect the flight, Fuel exhaustionwith the aircraft fuel supply almost exhausted, the pilot no longer had the option of diverting to avoid rapidly developing thunderstorms. the aircraft. students should be able to identify their own skills and knowledge, aeronautical charts, ATC, flight service, and navigation equipment as some of the resources that can be used in this situation, Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload. For a student, this may take the form of a desire to make an early solo flight, or to set out on cross-country flights before the basic elements of flight have been learned, The impatient student fails to understand the need for preliminary training and seeks only the ultimate objective without considering the means necessary to reach it. Most illnesses adversely affect the acuteness of vision, hearing, and feeling, all of which are essential to correct performance, Airsickness can be a great deterrent to flight instruction. Exact interpretation of what constitutes the "sterile zone" is influenced by aircraft type, role, and operating environment. Additional information can be obtained from veteran flight instructors. as an activity that is essential to the safe operation of aircraft. In some cases, the student is not able to meet the proficiency level specified in the lesson objectives within the allotted time. June 16, 2022 | In whole foods reheating instructions 2020 Passengers can help watch for traffic and may be able to provide information in an irregular situation, especially if they are familiar with flying. Is there some stress in another aspect of the students life that may be causing a distraction? Instructor responsibilities include teaching the student to divide his or her attention between the distracting task and maintaining control of the aircraft. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. The safety record of pilots who hold instrument ratings is significantly better than that of pilots with comparable flight time who have never received formal flight training for an instrument rating. For example, locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot (if available) may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance, This chapter discussed the demonstration-performance and telling-and-doing training delivery methods of flight instruction, SBT techniques, practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. The student should be able to describe the procedures for traffic pattern entry and landing preparation. As experience is gained, a pilot learns to recognize future workload requirements and can prepare for high workload periods during times of low workload. An implicit prerequisite to the evidence-based transfer of such a concept to the clinical domain, however, is definition of periods of high mental workload analogous to takeoff and landing. To fully achieve the demonstrated benefits of this type of training, the use of visual and instrument references must be constantly integrated throughout the training. Some airlines have installed a cockpit-controlled "sterile cockpit
The deficiencies listed below are apparent to others before the individual notices any physical signs of fatigue, Another form of fatigue is chronic fatigue which occurs when there is not enough time for a full recovery from repeated episodes of acute fatigue. Therefore, in addition to forcing total concentration on the part of the student, this method provides a means for keeping the instructor aware of what the student is thinking. In the process of explaining the maneuver as the instructor performs it, perceptions begin to develop into insights. crew briefing, emphasize the importance of the sterile cockpit rule and request
instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. As defined in the regulation, critical phases of flight are all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff, and landing, and all other flight operations below 10,000 feet except cruise flight. If possible, avoid ending the evaluation on a negative note, As discussed in Chapter 5, Assessment, collaborative assessment (or learner centered grading (LCG)) is a form of authentic assessment currently used in aviation training with problem-based learning (PBL). Objective: There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care; the application of the "sterile cockpit" rule to surgery has accordingly been suggested. The regulations are carefully worded to apportion the responsibility of keeping the cockpit "sterile." to notify maintenance about a minor cabin discrepancy. Once the instructor loses student confidence, it is difficult to regain, and the learning rate is unnecessarily diminished, Student anxiety may place additional burdens on the instructor. In addition, it should be demonstrated in the same sequence in which it was explained so as to avoid confusion and provide reinforcement. With potentially hazardous or difficult maneuvers, the instructor should be alert and ready to take control at any time. These demands can be either pleasant or unpleasant in nature. Pilot error means that an action or decision made by the pilot was the cause of, or contributing factor to, the accident. He did not use the fuel tables printed in the pilots operating handbook (POH) for the aircraft he was flying on this trip. The instructor should be alert during the students practice to detect any errors in technique and to prevent the formation of faulty habits, At the same time, the student should be encouraged to think about what to do during the performance of a maneuver, until it becomes habitual. Pilots in training who have been required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference to instruments, as well as by outside references, will develop from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and the aircrafts performance. Instructors should also take care to clearly describe the actions students are expected to perform. The early establishment of proper habits of instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control is highly useful to the student. An Instructor is an older troop member proficient in a Scouting skill who must also have the ability to teach that skill to others. AFSS can provide updates on weather, answer questions about airport conditions, and may offer direction-finding assistance. Studies have identified five hazardous attitudes that can affect a pilots ability to make sound decisions and exercise authority properly. It is difficult for students to learn a maneuver properly if they seldom have the opportunity to correct an error, On the other hand, students may perform a procedure or maneuver correctly and not fully understand the principles and objectives involved. and serious incidents that perhaps could have been prevented. Examples of all common endorsements can be found in the current issue of AC 61-65, Appendix 1. using engine anti-ice for takeoff during a blinding snow storm. on an instrument approach to Runway 04 when it crashed into high terrain
[Figure 8-11], During a lesson, workload can be gradually increased as the instructor monitors the students management of tasks. For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument references should begin the first time each new maneuver is introduced. [Figure 8-3], Poor instructional presentations may result not only from poor preparation, but also from distracting mannerisms, personal untidiness, or the appearance of irritation with the student. Explaining the Role of the Instructor - Troop 719 ", back
procedures for this, such as a "10,000 foot PA announcement," or a
Note: Taxi is defined as movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of an airport.. Instructors should attempt to avoid unnecessary jargon and technical terms that their students do not know. Scenario-based training (SBT), a type of PBL, uses a highly structured script of real world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. Cited one First Officer: The Captain of an air carrier aircraft
The CFI bases this assessment on the students ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. Despite all the changes in technology to improve flight safety, one factor remains the samethe human factor. Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. Traditional assessment depends on a grading scale of "excellent, good, fair, poor" or "exceeds standards, meets standards, needs more training" which often meets the instructors needs but not the needs of the student, With the advent of SBT, collaborative assessment is used whenever the student has completed a scenario. SRM is the art and science of managing all resources (both onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight, These key principles are often collectively called ADM. jump seat is quite a valuable privilege, but it is important that the additional
When the instructor suspects this, students should be required to vary the performance of the maneuver slightly, combine it with other operations, or apply the same elements to the performance of other maneuvers. When this training technique is used, instruction in the control of an aircraft by outside visual references is integrated with instruction in the use of flight instrument indications for the same operations, It important for the student to establish the habit of observing and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight training. Anxious students can be incredibly strong and usually exhibit reactions inappropriate to the situation. in a way, the entire 9 hours in a very busy ED is like flying under 10,000 feet. to maintain a sterile cockpit environment is before beginning a trip. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. For the most part,
Checklists should be performed well in advance so there is time to focus on traffic and ATC instructions. While these pressures may exist in the workplace, students may also experience the same type of stress regarding their flight training schedule. At the same time, the student should be allowed to practice the entire maneuver often enough to achieve the level of proficiency established in the lesson objectives. The explanation phase also should include coverage of appropriate safety procedures. The Sterile Cockpit/Flight Deck concept involves the restriction of flight crew member activity to that which is operationally essential during busy phases of flight - taxi out, take off, initial climb, intermediate and final approach, landing, and taxi in. For example, in the event of an engine fire, the pilot initiates an emergency descent. it clearly defines when it is time to set aside non-essential activities and
He was forced to land at the nearest airfield available, On numerous occasions during the flight, the pilot could have made decisions which may have prevented this incident, However, as the chain of events unfolded, each poor decision left him with fewer and fewer options. For example, when en route, the student can be asked to explain the actions that need to be taken during the approach to the airport. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. In this step, the student actually plays the role of instructor, telling the instructor what to do and how to do it. Jumping, Aiming and Breaking, learn how to hit center ball. In addition, the student should listen to the Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS), Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS), or Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS), if available, and then monitor the tower frequency or Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) to get a good idea of what traffic conditions to expect.