The exemption period will allow Transport for NSW to consider an alternate compliance pathway. THIS IS ALL!!!!!!! Go to a performance mechanic, tell them your performance goals, and ask them to keep it legal. You hear about people getting a yellow sticker all the time, but I've never heard of anyone being hit with that big a fine. Each modification only needs one certification. Being loud is no fun. If you go with one car, it may take a lot more work and possibly straying over the legal line to achieve the power figures you're after. Vicroads have the following guide available about vehicle modifications: http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/CC48FC10-4D57-4F04-82E1-3BD72EF88340/0/VSI8.pdf, if you are prepared to dish out the $$ and endure endless headaches/frustration, sure go for it it'll be a lesson you WILL learn, without a catalytic convertor (emissions). If your vehicle is currently registered in NSW and you are making modifications, take the compliance certificate and all documentation from the required inspections to aservice centreto update the vehicle's records. I expect it to be quite a bit more as Australia's minimum wage is ~2x as it is compared to back home. So which states have yearly testing and EPA testing? Before you can apply for registration, they must be assessed by a licensed certifier under theVehicle Safety Compliance Certification Scheme (VSCCS). Well there is, I listed the things you can do. That's insane! It's only legal to have fibre panels on your car as long as they have passed the certifications, so most cars on the road with frp bonnets and gaurds are actually illegal. Ah, what I ment was say one had a car that came turboed from the factory (Evo, wrx, sti, supra, gtr etc) If one wanted to install a larger turbo charger or something of the sort, would it need to be certified by an engineer? That article also does not take into account that the friction coefficient formula they have used does generally not apply to tyres due to road surface conditions. EDIT: okay a quick read suggests that factory turbo engines fall under the LA2 rules and aftermarket turbochargers fall under the LA3 rules. What are the best 4x4 mods for remote area driving? LawDepot is an online resource that lets you do your own legal work by offering legal documents, forms and contracts to individuals and businesses. Independent testing instigated by the Australian Automotive Aftermarket Association (AAAA) has proven that a 50mm suspension or body lift does not detract from the effectiveness of vehicle electronic stability control (ESC) systems. Aftermarket window tinting is also okay to do without getting certification, but here you really need to check with your state of territory. It's the same block, head, same capacity (and pretty much everything else) as my current engine, but turbocharged from factory. Rolling diameter doesn't matter as long as your speedo is right. Don't worry about Victoria if you like driving you wouldn't live there, they have tons of speed cameras that nab you for 3km/h over. I was questioned moons ago for a SAFC II Fuel intercept controller, when I told the officer it allowed me to lean fuel readings out and use less fuel, he was satisfied and left me alone. Again, research. i'm new to Australia, this is esentially one of the only forums I know, are there any australian non-car specific car enthuisast forums that you could point me to? 4.3.3 Mudguard Flares. Visitor information centres. You're not allowed to change pretty much anything without an engineers report, even then they can defect you. By . fitting additional or aftermarket seats, system accessories, do not affect the level of safety, strength or reliability of vital systems, like brakes, steering and occupant protection systems, have little or no impact on the vehicles compliance with mandatory vehicle standards (including the Australian Design Rules), fitting accessories (eg driving or fog lamps), fitting replacement service-type parts such as brake pads, fitting manufacturers optional equipment such as tow bars and roof racks that comply with manufacturer specifications. Legal should mean less hassles with insurance and what not. Email technical.enquiries@transport.nsw.gov.au launch or phone 1300 137 302. In a nutshell, pretty much. cpt 27695 vs 27698; adding and subtracting standard form corbettmaths; how to take notes in college from a textbook; who owns aurora foods; nadal sampras head to head Queensland doesn't yet.(They are probably thinking about it)Just on selling/transferringI Believe NSW has yearly inspections, but not 100% on conditions. Don't get a wanker exhaust / screamer pipe 4. My brakes should be fine as even in NA form they were better than the other model. Spoilers and Bodykits Australia. used kompact kamp mini mate for sale. These are your rights under the law. Lengthening or . Vehicles certified under the exemption may be directed by Transport for NSW to be tested using any developed alternative compliance pathway after the expiry of the exemption. 2019 panini score football cards value. Choose from front and rear bumpers, side steps/skirts, fenders and bonnets. As stated above, will kits are technically legal PROVIDED they are correctly drafted. Aerodynamics styling for cars, trucks and SUV's . You really need to think about what you're doing here.. you have come in blind, are not accepting of peoples assistance, yet you claim you have experience in this field? What are the laws regarding modification of cars? Can I fit bigger wheels and tyres to my car? as far as exhaust noises, my RX8 had basically one muffler and was very loud, good fun, but too loud. Quite easy as long as the car meets the Australian Design Rules (ADR's). The hinges on the wallet need to stretch a little for these things. Then you turn the pump on to pump water in. What needs to be kept in mind is that to pass a Safety Certificate in Queensland, the Department of Transport allows the vehicle to have rims that are either 2 inches larger or smaller than the size that the vehicle comes from the factory standard with. And what they do is the only thing that matters tbh you get a probe stuck up your exhaust and you have to pass that, but thing is i doubt any of these cars pass anyway, if the car is over 3yrs old the cat is screwed EPA is the least of my worries, if you live in a state with yearly inspections you will most likely need to take it to a friendly mechanic, problem is if you take it to an unknown they usually ping me for seats (recaro), ecu (FC), boost control (AVR), exhaust etc. You can get away with plenty on most stock 16", 17" anyway. It makes public transport seem appealing. If you DO find a girl who likes the hodge-podge badly sprayed/fitted widebody hanging off your riceburner, for the love of Jebus, wear a raincoat! A post-mortem examination or autopsy usually involves an internal and external examination of the body. Then cosmetic, this is tough though, because some cosmetic stuff will help lots, such as with drag, and downforce, as well as allowing the use of wider rims for more grip. Become a carsales member and get the latest news, reviews and advice straight to your inbox. Yangebup Western Australia 6164. The only people you'll impress are the virgins who like the Tokyo Drifts. However, if you get very large diameter rims, increasing rotor size does look better. VSCCS Compliance Certificates do not expire. Thats just a simple O2 reading, easy to pass :). EPA testing is emissions? General rule of thumb: keep all aftermarket mods as close to stock as possible. The certifier will conduct inspections, assessments, analysis and tests to determine compliance with applicable vehicle standards. The rest, you need to get onto the websites of the corresponding states and territories that your enquiry is based on. Online websites list this diameter at 827.7 mm, 2mm over. I wonder what the chances are of the nozzle getting stuck open and potentially hydrolocking the motor or bending a rod. http://www.howsafeisyourcar.com.au/about_us.php. The type/model car you choose has great impact on the ease of modification and the power levels you can extract from the engine. I think different states have different laws, but I'd like to know them all, since I could be moving around to different states. the 370Z was released, giving us 5 years of experience and support. lower profile tyres do not make your suspension firmer. If your vehicle complies with those standards, the certifier will issue a VSCCS Compliance Certificate.. Once youve been issued with a VSCCS compliance certificate, you can apply for or update your registration. Don't get a wanker exhaust / screamer pipe, 4. So obviously it's more expensive and more illegal. Your rights. Back home I thought it was nuts that it was 10km/h! http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/registration/downloads/vsi/vsi03_rev3.pdf. So I can replace thw 10" wide wheels on my car with 1" wide and still have the same grip? We have Nissan 180SX, Nissan R35 GT-R, C35 Laurel, Z32 . 2. Bear in mind always that you still have to get the thing over curbs. They'll know the best way to go about it. http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/registration/downloads/vsi/vsi09_rev4.pdfhttp://img190.imageshack.us/img190/841/okkkx.jpg, also this was discussed 6 weeks ago: /forum-replies.cfm?t=1391811. Add to that the higher costs of maintance, fuel, tyres etc. Out of general intrest, which car are you going to do this too? Now I only play around with bikes :). The Place to Buy Genuine JDM Body Kits in Australia and New Zealand. 1300343500. I never really put it that way, i'm sorry, you have interperted my words completely differently as I have put them out. The certifier may also conduct periodic inspections during the build process. A cop can just glance at your exhaust and say "that's not standard, defect". Damn but it's the only state with a bill of rightsbut 3km/h over? For off-road passenger or goods vehicles, the tyres must not be more than 50 per cent wider than the originals. If you go with another, there may be easier options available to reach the same power while staying legal. This is why I love programmable stock ECU's, if checked, you claim it's stock, it has the stock stickers, info, and is generally never opened up, because the programming is done via the OBDII port, and it's difficult to dispute. If your vehicle tyre size has become obsolete, you can buy replacements of another size without needing certification provided that the load rating is not less than for the original tyres, and that tyre speed rating is a minimum of S (180km/h) where the original tyres had a higher rating. Emailtechnical.enquiries@transport.nsw.gov.auor phone 1300 137 302. For those of you out there that are running bigger than a 2 inch lift, your vehicle is illegal. and prior to that I had a Nissan Sentra which had almost everything related to go (suspension, rims, tires, brakes,then after market FI) and no show =). espa bath oil reviews . The feds do suggest in VSB 14 that there has to be a minimum 70 per cent luminous transmittance for windows in front of the front seats (windscreen and front side windows) and minimum 35 per cent for those behind the front seats (except for Northern Territory only, where it is 15 per cent minimum at the rear). The other I would have as a track only car to use on the weekends, saves a heap of cash in having to meet ever increasing stringent rego laws & fines from over zealous cops who frown on any sort of fun. I'm trying to learn the laws, then work with them. Body Kits- As you would all realise, body kits are pretty harmless so they see nothing wrong with them. Sur-Ron Australia Light Bee L1e. if you use a direct replacement ecu and like turbos the chance of getting busted is slim. Coil overs are illegal, however I wouldn't expect to have much of an issue with this. How difficult is it to get certification by an engineer? Australian Seniors - paper-based will kit CHOICE verdict: The Australian Seniors' will kit contains in-depth explanations and helpful instructions. I have no idea what a P plate is. I usually DMOR but in this case I was hoping someone would spoon feed me. Bull bars that do not meet Australian Standard AS 4876.1 - 2002 (clauses 1, 2, 3.1 excluding clause 3.2) that are fitted to vehicles manufactured on or after 1 July 2013 with a GVM of not more than 3.5 tonnes may breach a vehicle standards requirement and contravene sections 117 and 118 of the Road Traffic Act 1961. . heat dispersionless downforce smaller front spoiler, http://autospeed.com/cms/title_Tyres-Grip-and-All-That/A_108915/article.html. connect4education register; don't be a felix cdcr video; westfield knox redevelopment 2020 i.e using airflow meters, keeping airfilters boxed, all enviro parts kept (charcoal canisters, cats), providing the vehicle came out standard, you can install a turbo as long as all other things are installed, brakes, suspension is different and needs to be changed, 2 grand for the test, if you fail, another 2 grand. Private garages are (much) cheaper than that for mechanical work, and body work is also rated at a different price. Direct Connection Power Broker's Challenger Widebody Fender Flare Kit (part No. When you get pulled over just have a positive attitude, they're not going to go away if you be an asshole, it'll only make things 10x worse. I mean I'll change from summer to winter tires/rims but I know people who would drive 400hp rwd cars in snow (made up half the year where I'm from) rain etc. There are seven business streams within the ORS which include Fair Trading, Work Safety, Rental Bonds, Land Titles, Parking, Business and Industry Licensing, and Births, Deaths . R32 left kick panel, boot trim left tool / jack flap cover. T tinted strip is allowed on the windscreen, so long as it covers no more than 10 per cent of the windscreen upper area and does not enter the area of glass where the windscreen wipers sweep. No matter what the car has to be road legal, but I want a good car to use on the tracks of Australia. My mate thought he made his bike faster by making the front shocks stiff as rocks, now he can't brake properly and his cornering sucks. Legal Aid NSW provide free divorce classes at our offices in Haymarket (Sydney), Bankstown, Blacktown, Campbelltown, Dubbo, Fairfield, Gosford, Newcastle, Parramatta, Penrith and Tamworth. June 16, 2022; Posted by waggoner ranch map Got around to dumping and refilling the trans fluid again. If you want to lift a 4x4 ute or off-road wagon between 50mm and 150mm, youll need certification under LS codes. There are currently 10+ manual and 7 speed auto 370Z in Australia with the RevZone twin turbo kit fitted and tuned by us. Creating a mentally healthy workplace is about taking the next steps to reduce stigma, support co-workers, seek support and create a culture that prioritises mental health. Pick up preferred, can deliver . I've heard so many horror stories of cracks and warps it ain't funny. Pretty darn hard for the pumps to then "jam on" with the way electronics are. I think the older non-legal ones had an aluminium insert in them and the newer legal ones have a teflon insert. The Ferrari F12 TDF is road-legal too, but the host of modifications including the wider track and improved aero nearly doubles downforce and makes it two seconds quicker around Fiorano than the regular F12.The concept isn't new; Ferrari's 288 GTO also got a wider kit . Is that only for fitting a turbocharger or supercharger to an existing NA engine or does it also apply to swapping in an engine that already has a factory turbo? It could be suitable for a simple will. Find aheavy vehicle certifier. SafeWork NSW has more information about your legal obligations and how to report WHS issues. Go nuts if your using the stock ECU, as they wont be able to tell by looking at it, but remember your AFR readings incase someone pulls you in for an emissions test. Which is ok as it wont be doing anything at 110kph anyway. I think different states have different laws, EDIT: You can find all of their websites here: http://www.howsafeisyourcar.com.au/about_us.php. It seems to be very difficult for the 4cyl crowd to get a decent note, although I don't know if that's just crap zorst systems or complete lack of taste. Once your allocated VIN number has been unblocked, you can apply for NSW registration. the reason i say running gear is that if you have an old car and fit seat belts to it, that requires a mod plate and obviously this isn't 'improving performance' and is thus ok, rule of thumb: blue plate = no p plate driver. I never asked anyone on advise on the cars, or what route I should take, I asked for clafications. Greenwell Point, NSW . It will also improve stability during conering especially and lower your car's COG. I'll revisit it tomorrow morning at the correct temp and make sure it's not over/under filled. Of course, they have to actually check first. So to get my knowledge back in order after many years: I know that the rules state that you can put in an engine of similar capacity and general design and have it up to 20% more power without needing to get an engineering certificate. Workshops are not responsible for DIY Cat-killing, it's based on the owner's responsibility to maintain a road worthy and legal vehicle. *with the exception of a decent stereo, that once owned can be swapped from car to car as you update them. While Toyota lacks a Ford Ranger Raptor rival, one company has created its own. Now, is it 20% more from the engine power of your car originally or is it 20% more from the highest power version that came out for the last model iteration of your car? That's not mentioning the performance application/destruction involved in the various size ranges. If you own a 4x4 typically the ADR NC category, so were talking Toyota LandCruiser and the like, not soft-roaders like the Toyota RAV4 you can have tyres with a minimum speed rating of N (140km/h). If you're, for example, upgrading your turbo, do research before you commit to anything. )91db i think is the limit for efi cars (the noise level is relaxed a little for older cars but im not sure on this rule), there is no size restrictions as such as long as you adhere to the 100mm clearance rule stated aboveECU modificationsECU modifications are generally way too hard to detect, as long as you retain the original ECU you are fine, otherwise an ADR approved ECU or engineering will be neededBrakesNo real restrictions on brakes although i believe braded brake lines are a no noBody kits (including widebody and cutting of stock fenders)Body kits are ok as long as they dont protrude past a certain dimension and are no risk to pedestrianstire/wheel change restrictions!wheel can be 1 inch bigger than any variety sold with that car and i believe the tyre can be 10mm wider but not totally sure on wheel/tyre sizes, As i stated above, to the best of my knowledge, all of the above is correct, someone feel free to correct anything i have wrong, they must have a little give in them (which ironically takes away pressure). if in qld: the rule of thumb is that if any of the running gear (engine, suspension, exhaust, drive line) is modified and needs a mod plate (they are blue) then they cannot be driven by a p plater. All individually constructed vehicles require a VSCCS Compliance Certificate before they can be registered in NSW. 4) Exhaust again doesn't seem to be any restrictions, just keep it quiet, 5) Piggy back or stock ECU re-map seems to be okay, 6) Brakes require again an engineering certificate (which I hope is not difficult to obtain), 7) Bodykits, only restriction is on hoodscoops for visability, and no sharp things that can injure people. VSB 14 gives a national outline for light vehicle modifications, covering the minimum design, construction, installation and performance requirements, among other things. Brothels can be defined as any sex service premises, and can include a full service parlour, a one-worker premises (working from home), or massage parlours, which do not . You can change some items without certification such as window tinting, suspension, tyres, wheels and seats but only up to a point. A will must be: In writing. 77072552AB, $2,495) is constituted by actual assembly line components Dodge uses to build the SRT Redeye Widebody . Australian environmental law is an evolving landscape and as more information and data concerning the environment becomes available, the environmental legal sphere is subject to proposals for change. (if you have 7.5" wide rims, would be illegal to go any wider than 9.5", would need a wide body kit anyway)Rolling diameter doesn't matter as long as your speedo is right. Don't get a high mounted turbo 2. (ie: SAFC, PFC are no no). I simply want to know the laws, and in which ways the laws can be followed. It licenses competent individuals to inspect body fit (J code) and tow coupling/fifth wheel (P code) modifications on heavy vehicles and certify compliance with vehicle standards. What I have learnt is that asking automotive questions in an It forum gets responses from people that know heaps about IT stuff, but generally 'believe' stuff about cars. A vehicle with minor modifications may not require certification. Toyota does not yet have a rival for the Ford Ranger . FWIW, shop rates at a car dealership (American or Japanese) is around $110/hr back home. I'll update here when I talk to the specialist next week sometime. Generally, they (the fun police) like your car to be locked down, so that things like emissions can not be altered, even things like boost controllers are frowned upon, because they can change emissions readings. If you need help because of the storms or floods, we can help you with legal problems including insurance claims and disputes, financial hardship, tenancy and Centrelink. All this stuff is pretty much fine however I would suggest against it because it looks awful. TheVehicle Safety Compliance Certification Scheme J&P(VSCCS J&P) is a Transport-approved third party licensing scheme. 4127 Queensland, Australia 07 3416 7513 info@mrbodykits.com.au Working Days/Hours: Mon - Fri : 9:00AM - 6:30PM Sat : 9:00AM - 3:30PM Closed on Sun and Public Holidays Mr.Bodykits Facebook Mr.Bodykits Instagram Mr.Bodykits Youtube If you DO find a girl who likes the hodge-podge badly sprayed/fitted widebody hanging off your riceburner, for the love of Jebus, wear a raincoat! Some will, some won't. This person is not to have produced (or had produced) more than 3 ICVs in the previous 12 months. Its vastly different today then back in the day when I was a young whipper snapper, so with a few years of experience & wisdom under my belt (so to speak) heres what I would be doing if I was a young bloke over again. Well a car that came without a turbo/supercharger that you add to, will be 100x more obvious to the naked eye, good example is S2000 and RX8, it'll be plain obvious that the car is turbocharged when you pop the hood and there is a turbo in your face. Standard safety gear in newer cars will not function properly if components are altered significantly. *shrugs* i've never had laws restricting car modification to this extent before. Some of the issues we have seen out of will kits include: Failing to properly name an executor; Fightin crime just like the Hoff in the knight rider. You should always check the certification requirements with a licensed certifier. Here's what you need to know. Legislation. Are you saying this is standard of Australian manufactures? And lastly and most importantly, don't be a smartass! 1 inch lift and 2 inch bigger diameter tyres (together) 2 inch lift and the same size tyres. My GTR has a Power FC and is registered. It's an expensive process, and if done wrong will root everything. wider rims do not increase grip. Sort: SKU: E751SVA000. A lot of the after market stuff at least in Australia is crap. OEM Vortex Generator (WRX/STi 2015+) In Stock - Ready to Ship! For separate-chassis 4x4s, you can install a body lift kit, so long as the vehicle is not more than 50mm higher than stock. This is basically the document that anyone wanting to modify a road vehicle weighing less than 4.5 tonnes should look at first. That article is the same as most of the tyre arguments on forums and comes to the same conclusion a wider tyre can provide better grip than a thinner one, even if it is a secondary factor. definition of right is "within 10% plus or minus actual speed, as per ADR regulations". An example of this is electronic stability control (ESC); if a modified suspension is fitted, it could affect the operation of the ESC. Your insurance could be void if you dont have vehicle modifications assessed and certified as compliant with applicable standards. How to improve your tow vehicles performance? Spend as MUCH money as you can afford to on a good set of tyres. NSW Kids and Families: Sydney. I will be speaking to the specialist soon, but I thought I would ask here as well as info for other people. We administer acts and regulations relating to work health and safety (WHS), explosives and the transportation of dangerous goods. Basically, to look at for the untrained eye, the ERG system was stock looking, even the pipes where all dis-coloured the same, but the ERG was blocked and completely bypassed. So if you throw on some Peugeot 308 GTi wheels on your base-model 308 Access, you must also replace the Access suspension with the 308 GTis suspension. For example, if you fit new wider wheels and tyres that meet all the measurement requirements laid out in VSB 14, but the wheels or tyres end up scraping on the body or suspension, then you could still end up with a defect notice. (Basically, wider exhaust means more airflow up top, good for aggressive cams and/or tons of boost, but will proportionately harm lower end power.). Lowering or raising suspension is allowed, so long as it is by no more than one third of the original suspension travel, and provided original height is not increased or decreased by more than 50mm. BUT, you would also need to upgrade all brakes, etc, to the standard that was supplied on that uprated model. They design it, bolt it on, it barely fits the car it was made for and hasn't even been tested. $169.95. I would say that you could go 20% up from the highest rating sold as new by the manufacturer. Do the modifications need to be certified? About just reflashing your ECU I'm not so sure you can do that with every ECU don't quote me on that though. are wide body kits legal in australia nsw. Its a good idea to keep a copy of any such approval in your car in case you are pulled up. To do this, follow the same steps forused or secondhand vehicles. SafeWork NSW must be notified by calling 13 10 50 when a worker has received any of the following types of medical treatment within 48 hours of an exposure incident involving contact with blood or body substances: 1. This sort of thing is the reason I keep the 200SX clean. That being said, anyone in Australia who is over the age of 18 years and who is of sound mind can prepare their own will. I dotn suggest doing this, because someone who knows the systems will know instantly what has been done, and you can be heavily fined, but it's similar to the people who bash the guts out of cat converters, most people know the price if they get caught, but accept the risk. Got a modified or non-standard vehicle? Were laying out the broad sweep of what modifications can and cannot be done in this article. More payment options. There are limitations in Australia as to how wide your wheel track can be. Safety Certificate Inspection There are plenty of more extensive mods you can have done, but they will need a licensed certifier to inspect your modifications and then issue a compliance certificate, provided that they are satisfied the modifications comply. If you go with another, there may be easier options available to reach the same power while staying legal. are wide body kits legal in australia nsw 18097 post-template-default,single,single-post,postid-18097,single-format-standard,ajax_fade,page_not_loaded,,qode_grid_1200,footer_responsive_adv,hide_top_bar_on_mobile_header,qode-content-sidebar-responsive,qode-child-theme-ver-1..0,qode-theme-ver-10.0,wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-4.12,vc_responsive use a properly made exhaust with a good high flow cat (or maybe cats) and you shouldn't have much issues? Our bodykits are made from quality ABS & Polyurethane material and designed to fit very firmly. But I want to stay legal, there must be a way to be legal and still have fun. Find a licensed certifier inVSCCS Bulletin No 1 Licenced Certifiers (PDF, 531.38 KB)or find a certifier near you. For further guidance seeVSI 53 What is an individually constructed vehicle (PDF, 162.05 KB). Your rating will help us improve the website. Before you build an ICV, contact a VSCCS licensed certifier to get an ICV approval number. It will be the same. New To The Forum? yes! Visit the Disaster Response Legal Service website or call us on 1800 801 529 9am to 5pm Monday to Friday. We can support your general logbook servicing and a wide range of modifications whether you want just a cat-back exhaust or a 4.18L stroked twin turbo Z. While VSB 14 covers off most modifications you can and cant do in states and territories, when it comes down to the finer administrative points of vehicle registration, obtaining exemptions, obtaining modification approvals, vehicle inspections, preparation and submission of reports and the payment of appropriate fees and charges, it is all up to the individual state or territory. I have 3+ NSW cop friends who claim they'll only defect people who have rims 2" above standard. are wide body kits legal in australia nsw June 9, 2022moonlander replacement keycaps0 Comments Buy Bidets at our stores through Australia and major capital cities Adelaide, Brisbane, Gold Coast, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney. Once youve had all the required inspections and have been issued with a VSCCS compliance certificate, your licensed certifier will submit the required information to Transport for NSW for review. An autopsy is performed by a doctor who has special training and experience in this field (called a forensic pathologist).